CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background.
Definition of Nouns is The degree of synthesis refers to the morpheme-to-word ratio. Languages with more than one morpheme per word ar
e synthetic. An object in grammar is a sentence element and part of the sentence predicate. It denotes somebody or something involved in the subject's "performance" of the verb. Expressions of natural language have properties at different levels. The simple definition is: a person, place or thing. Here are some examples:person: man, woman, teacher, John, Maryplace: home, office, town, countryside, America thing: table, car, banana, money, music, love, dog, monkey. They have formal properties, like what kinds of morphological prefixes or suffixes they take and what kinds of other expressions they combine with; but they also have semantic properties, i.e. properties pertaining to their Meaning.
The definition of a noun at the outset of this page is thus a formal, traditional grammatical definition. That definition, for the most part, is considered uncontroversial and furnishes the Meanings for users of certain languages to effectively distinguish most nouns from non-nouns. However, it has the disadvantage that it does not apply to nouns in all languages. For example in Russian, there are no definite Meaningcles, so one cannot define nouns as words that are modified by definite Meaningcles. There have also been several attempts to define nouns in terms of their semantic properties. Many of these are controversial, but some are discussed below.
What are Nouns ?
The simple definition is: a person, place or thing. Here are some examples:person: man, woman, teacher, John, Mary place: home, office, town, countryside, America thing: table, car, banana, money, music, love, dog, monkey. The problem with this definition is that it does not explain why "love" is a noun but can also be a verb.
Concrete nouns refer to physical bodies that can be observed by at least one of the senses (for instance, "chair", "apple", or "Janet"). Abstract nouns, on the other hand, refer to abstract objects, that is ideas or concepts (such as "justice" or "hatred"). While this distinction is sometimes useful, the boundary between concrete and abstract is not always clear; consider, for example, the noun "art", which usually refers to a concept (e.g., "Art is an important element of human culture") but which can refer to a specific artwork in certain contexts (e.g., "I put my daughter's art up on the fridge"). In English, many abstract nouns are formed by adding noun-forming suffixes ("-ness", "-ity", "-tion") to adjectives or verbs. Examples are "happiness" (from the adjective "happy"), "circulation" (from the verb "circulate") and "serenity" (from the adjective "serene")
Another (more complicated) way of recognizing a noun is by its: Ending, Position,Function.
There are certain word endings that show that a word is a noun, for example:-ity > nationality,-ment > appointment, -ness > happiness, -ation > relation, -hood > childhood. But this is not true for the word endings of all nouns. For example, the noun "spoonful" ends in -ful, but the adjective "careful" also ends in -ful.
We can often recognise a noun by its position in the sentence. Nouns often come after a determiner (a determiner is a word like a, an, the, this, my, such): a relief, an afternoon, the doctor, this word, my house, such stupidity. Nouns often come after one or more adjectives: a great relief, a peaceful afternoon, the tall, Indian doctor, this difficult word, my brown and white house, such crass stupidity.
Nouns have certain functions (jobs) in a sentence, for example: subject of verb: Doctors work hard, object of verb: He likes coffee, subject and object of verb: Teachers teach students. But the subject or object of a sentence is not always a noun. It could be a pronoun or a phrase. In the sentence "My doctor works hard", the noun is "doctor" but the subject is "My doctor".
Noun phrases can typically be replaced by pronouns, such as "he", "it", "which", and "those", in order to avoid repetition or explicit identification, or for other reasons. For example, in the sentence "Janet thought that he was weird", the word "he" is a pronoun standing in place of the name of the person in question. The English word one can replace parts of noun phrases, and it sometimes stands in for a noun. An example is given below: John's car is newer than the one that Bill has. But one can also stand in for bigger subparts of a noun phrase. For example, in the following example, one can stand in for new car. This new car is cheaper than that one.
Starting with old Latin grammars, many European languages use some form of the word substantive as the basic term for noun. Nouns in the dictionaries of such languages are demarked by the abbreviation "s" instead of "n", which may be used for proper nouns instead. This corresponds to those grammars in which nouns and adjectives phase into each other in more areas than, for example, the English term predicate adjective entails. In French and Spanish, for example, adjectives frequently act as nouns referring to people who have the characteristics of the adjective. An example in English is: The poor you have always with you.Similarly, an adjective can also be used for a whole group or organization of people: The Socialist International. Hence, these words are substantives that are usually adjectives in English.
Names for things
In traditional school grammars, one often encounters the definition of nouns that they are all and only those expressions that refer to a person, place, thing, event, substance, quality, or idea, etc. This is a semantic definition. It has been criticized by contemporary linguists as being uninformative.[citation needed] Contemporary linguists generally agree that one cannot successfully define nouns (or other grammatical categories) in terms of what sort of object in the world they refer to or signify. Part of the conundrum is that the definition makes use of relatively general nouns ("thing", "phenomenon", "event") to define what nouns are.
The existence of such general nouns demonstrates that nouns refer to entities that are organized in taxonomic hierarchies. But other kinds of expressions are also organized into such structured taxonomic relationships. For example the verbs "stroll","saunter", "stride", and "tread" are more specific words than the more general "walk". Moreover, "walk" is more specific than the verb "move", which, in turn, is less general than "change". But it is unlikely that such taxonomic relationships can be used to define nouns and verbs. We cannot define verbs as those words that refer to "changes" or "states", for example, because the nouns change and state probably refer to such things, but, of course, aren't verbs. Similarly, nouns like "invasion", "meeting", or "collapse" refer to things that are "done" or "happen". In fact, an influential theory has it that verbs like "kill" or "die" refer to events,[2][3] one of the categories of things that nouns are supposed to refer to.
The point being made here is not that this view of verbs is wrong, but rather that this property of verbs is a poor basis for a definition of this category, just like the property of having wheels is a poor basis for a definition of cars (some things that have wheels, such as my suitcase or a jumbo jet, aren't cars). Similarly, adjectives like "yellow" or "difficult" might be thought to refer to qualities, and adverbs like "outside" or "upstairs" seem to refer to places, which are also among the sorts of things nouns can refer to. But verbs, adjectives and adverbs are not nouns, and nouns aren't verbs, adjectives or adverbs. One might argue that "definitions" of this sort really rely on speakers' prior intuitive knowledge of what nouns, verbs and adjectives are, and, so don't really add anything over and this. Speakers' intuitive knowledge of such things might plausibly be based on formal criteria, such as the traditional grammatical definition of English nouns aforementioned.
Prototypically referential expressions
Another semantic definition of nouns is that they are prototypically referential.The British logician Peter Thomas Geach proposed a more subtle semantic definition of nouns.He noticed that adjectives like "same" can modify nouns, but no other kinds of parts of speech, like verbs or adjectives. Not only that, but there also do not seem to be any other expressions with similar Meaninging that can modify verbs and adjectives. Consider the following examples.
grammatical: John and Bill pMeaningcipated in the same fight.
ungrammatical: *John and Bill samely fought.
There is no English adverb "samely". In some other languages, like Czech, however there are adverbs corresponding to "samely". Hence, in Czech, the translation of the last sentence would be fine; however, it would Meaning that John and Bill fought in the same way: not that they pMeaningcipated in the same fight. Geach proposed that we could explain this, if nouns denote logical predicates with identity criteria. An identity criterion would allow us to conclude, for example, that "person x at time 1 is the same person as person y at time 2". Different nouns can have different identity criteria. A well known example of this is due to Gupta:
National Airlines transported 2 million passengers in 1979.
National Airlines transported (at least) 2 million persons in 1979.
Given that, in general, all passengers are persons, the last sentence above ought to follow logically from the first one. But it doesn't. It is easy to imagine, for example, that on average, every person who travelled with National Airlines in 1979, travelled with them twice. In that case, one would say that the airline transported 2 million passengers but only 1 million persons. Thus, the way that we count passengers isn't necessarily the same as the way that we count persons. Put somewhat differently: At two different times, you may correspond to two distinct passengers, even though you are one and the same person. For a precise definition of identity criteria, see Gupta.
Recently, Baker has proposed that Geach's definition of nouns in terms of identity criteria allows us to explain the characteristic properties of nouns. He argues that nouns can co-occur with (in-)definite Meaningcles and numerals, and are "prototypically referential" because they are all and only those parts of speech that provide identity criteria. Baker's proposals are quite new, and linguists are still evaluating them.
1.2 Formula of the problem
Pursuant to problems background above, hence in this research is formulated by problems :
a) How to know about nouns ?
b) How the way to explain for studant about the use of nouns ?
c) How to know the function of nouns ?
d) How to know the adjective become nouns ?
e) What the meaning of Concrete Nouns ?
f) What the meaning of Abstract Nouns ?
g) How many type of Concrete Nouns ?
h) What the meaning of Countable Nouns ?
i) How many type of countable nouns ?
j) What the meaning of Uncountable Noun ?
k) What the meaning of Singular nouns ?
l) What the meaninfg of Plural Nouns ?
m) What the meaning of Irregular Plural ?
1.3 Target of Writing
a) To know about nouns.
b) To know the way to explain the use of nouns for students.
c) To know the function of nouns
d) For the source material of guidance and science to deepen knowledge about nouns.
CHAPTER II
SOLUTION
2.1 Nouns have two form/ Sketchy NOUNS consist of 2 shares:
CONCRETE NOUN (kata benda yang berwujud)
extant noun, can be seen and in groping. Example of : Andrew (nama orang), man (orang laki-laki); jakarta; gold (emas); table etc.
ABSTRACT NOUN (kata benda yang tak berwujud)
Noun which do not be extant cannot be seen or groped, but can beconceived. Example of : Wisdom (kebijaksanaan); happiness (kebahagiaan); wealth (kekayaan Publik); riches (kekayan individu); life (kehidupan); friendship (persahabatan); faith (kepercayaan) etc.
2.2 There is four type of Concrete Noun (kata benda yang berwujud) :
a) Proper Noun (kata benda nama diri)
Noun of preceded by block letters that is name of people, town, state, go to school,company, and other place names.Example Of : Lisa, Johnny, Tokyo, America, Coca Cola or Proper nouns (also called proper names) are nouns representing unique entities (such as London, Jupiter or Johnny), as distinguished from common nouns which describe a class of entities (such as city, planet or person). Proper nouns are not normally preceded by an article or other limiting modifier (such as "any" or "some"), and are used to denote a particular person, place, or thing without regard to any descriptive meaning the word or phrase may have. etc.
b) Common Noun (Kata Benda Umum)
common/public Noun is ordinary Noun. Example of : Teacher; book; plane; bridegroom;mountain, etc.
c) Material of Noun (Kata benda yang terdiri atas Bahan Mentah/ Bahan Baku)
Noun which is from other raw materials and mining. Example of :gold; paint; silver; oil; etc.
d) Collective Noun (kata benda kolektif)
Noun which is Meaninging have of Plural. Example of : Flock; division or Collective nouns are nouns that refer to groups consisting of more than one individual or entity, even when they are inflected for the singular. Examples include "committee", "herd", and "school" (of fish). These nouns have slightly different grammatical properties than other nouns. For example, the noun phrases that they head can serve as the subject of a collective predicate, even when they are inflected for the singular. A collective predicate is a predicate that cannot normally take a singular subject. An example of the latter is "talked to each other".
2.3 Abstract Noun (Kata benda yang tak berwujud)
abstract noun can be formed of by job/activity words, words of is nature of and other words.
1) Way of altering verb become Abstract Noun :
a) By giving suffix of ment at verb :
Advertise = mengiklankan Advertisement = iklan
Agree = menyetujui agreetment = persetujuan
Argue = berdebat argument = perdebatan
Arrange = menyusun arrangemant = penyusunan
Develop = berkembang development = perkembangan
Entertain = menghibur entertainment = hiburan
Measure = mengukur measurement = ukuran
b) By giving suffix - ion, - tion at verb :
connect = menghubungkan connection = hubungan
adopt = mengangkat anak adoption = pengangkatan
anak
associate = mengumpulkan association = perkumpulan
collect = mengumpulkan collection = kumpulan
act = berbuat action = perbuatan
confuse = membingungkan confusion = kebingungan
c) By adding suffix of action, cation, ition at verb :
admire = mengagumi admiration = kekaguman
compete = bersaing competition = persaingan
compose = mengarang composition = karangan
resign = berhenti pekerjaan resignation = permintaan
berhenti
repeat = mengulangi repeatition = pengulangan
expect = mengharap expecttaion = pengharapan
qualify = memenuhi syarat qualification = pemenuhan
syarat
apply = melamar application = lamaran
classify = menggolongkan classification = penggolongan
d) By adding suffix - ance, - ence at verb :
hider = menghalagi hindrance = halangan
enter = memasuki entrance = jalan masuk
admint = mengakui adminttance = pengakuan
appear = menampakkan diri appearance = penampakan
diri
attend = menghadiri attendance = kehadiran
confide = mempercayakan confidence = kepercayaan
assist = membantu assistance = bantuan,
pertolongan
differ = membedakan difference = perbedaan
obey = mematui obedience = kepatuhan
e) By enhancing -t :
Complain = mengeluh complaint = keluhan
Fly = terbang flight = penerbangan
Contain = berisi content = isi
Descend = turun descent = keturunan
Deceive = menipu deceit = penipuan
f) By enhancing –y :
Discover = menemukan dicovery = penemuan
Deliver = menyerahkan delivery = penyerahan
Injure = melukai injury = luka
Recover = sembuh recovery = kesembuhan
2) is same Abstract Noun its for with verb :
Verb (kata Kerja) Abstract Noun
To hope = mengharapkan hope = pengharapan
To help = menolong help = pertolongan
To mind = memikirkan mind = pikiran
To love = mencintai love = percintaan
3) Way of adding adjective become Abstract Noun :
Abstract Noun coming from Adjective ( adjective) by enhancing suffix - ness at Adjective ;
Adjective Abstract Noun
Good = baik goodness = kebaikan
Happy = bahagia happiness = kebahagiaan
Polite = sopan politeness = kesopanan
Sad = sedih sadness = kesedihan
4) Abstract Noun coming from Common Noun (kata benda umum) :
Common noun Abstract Noun
Agent = agen agency = keagenan
Champion = juara championship = kejuaraan
Child = anak childhood = masa kanak-
kanak
Hero = pahlawan heroism = kepahlawanan
Friend = sahabat frienship = persahabatan
5) Abstract Noun coming from Adjective (kata sifat) other :
Adjective Abstract Noun
Patient = sabar patience = kesabaran
Young = muda youth = masa muda
Important = penting importance = pentingnya
Deep = dalam depth = dalamnya
Hot = panas heat = panasnya
Poor = miskin poverty = kemiskinan
Wise = bijaksana wisdom = kebijaksanaan
Long = panjang length = panjangnya
True = benar truth = kebenaran
2.4 Other ways forming of nouns :
1) All verb ( verb.) added with suffix - ing rear the verb will become noun ( noun verbal or gerund).
Verb (kata kerja) Noun (kata benda)
To write = menulis writing = tulisan
To broadcast = menyiarkan broadcasting = siaran
To read = membaca reading = bacaan
To speak = bercakap speaking = percakapan
2) Noun can be formed of by this noun possible also end - or ancy of ency.
Noun (kata benda) Noun (kata benda)
Agent = agen agency = perwakilan
Infant = bayi infancy = masa kecil
Bankrupt = bangkrut bankruptcy = kebangkrutan,
kepailitan
Lieutenant = letnan lieutenancy = pangkat letnan
3) Noun also can be formed of by noun by enhancing - or an - ian:
Noun Noun
Indonesia = Indonesia Indonesia = orang/ bahasa
indonesia
Library = perpustakaan librarian = pustakawan
Magic = sihir magician = tukang sihir
Music = musik musician = pemain musik,
Musikus
2.5 Countable nouns.
Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For example: "pen". We can count pens. We can have one, two, three or more pens. Here are some more countable nouns:
• dog, cat, animal, man, person
• bottle, box, litre
• coin, note, dollar
• cup, plate, fork
• table, chair, suitcase, bag
2.6. Countable Noun earn in to becoming two form :
a) Singular :When a countable noun is singular, we must use a word like a/the/my/this with it:
Exemples :
• I want an orange. (not I want orange.)
• Where is my bottle? (not Where is bottle?)
One month = sebulan a ring = sebuah cincin
A river = sebuah sungai a table = sebuah meja
A chair = sebuah kursi a well = sebuah sumur
A letter = sepucuk surat a book = sebuah buku
A pen = sebatang pena an apple = sebuah apel
A girl = seorang gadis ect.
b) Plural : When a countable noun is plural, we can use it alone:
Examples :
• I like oranges.
• Bottles can break.
One and a = satu setengah two ring = dua buah half month bulan cincin
three river = tiga buah four well = empat buah
sungai sumur
five chair = lima buah kursi eight book = delapan buah
buku
seven letter = tujuh pucuk surat six table = enam meja
nine pen = sembilan batang ten apple = sepuluh apel
pena
many girl = banyak gadis etc.
2.7 Typical marking of Countable Noun shall be as follows :
a) can be turned into plural ( plural form)
b) can be used by word of many, and several of some ( beberapa) in front/ahead of plural form noun..
c) If singular, have to use single verb. ( be to verb: or is of was for the noun of/ word change third person singular. While vb. have to be added - s for the Simple of Present Tense = simple present time form.
d) If plural, have to wear plural verbb. ( be to verb : acre for the Present of Tense = present time or of were for the Past Tense Of = past time. While vb. do not be added - s although in the form of time of Simple Present.
2.8 Uncountable Nouns
Uncountable Nouns is incalculable noun. If counting/calculating him/ it needed by measuring, weighing-machine, gauge, size measure etcetera/ Uncountable nouns are substances, concepts etc that we cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot "count" them. For example, we cannot count "milk". We can count "bottles of milk" or "litres of milk", but we cannot count "milk" itself. Here are some more uncountable nouns:
Examples :
• music, art, love, happiness
• advice, information, news
• furniture, luggage
• rice, sugar, butter, water
• electricity, gas, power
Butter = mentega air = udara
Coffee = kopi gasoline = bensin
Tea = teh oil = minyak
Flour = tepung petrolium = minyak tanah
Food = makanan paper = kertas
Meat = daging money = uang
Chalk = kapur tulis bread = roti
Milk = susu pepper = merica
Rice = beras cheese = keju
Salt = garam wood = kayu
Sugar = gula gold = emas
Ink = tinta tin = timah
Water = air iron = besi
Sentence example :
A cup of coffee = secangkir kopi
A piece of chalk = sebatang kapur tulis
A bottle of water = sebotol air
A loaf of bread = sepotong roti
Two cups of coffee = dua cangkir kopi
Three pieces of chalk = tiga batang kapur tulis
Four bottles of water = empat botol air
Five loaves of bread = lima potong roti
We usually treat uncountable nouns as singular. We use a singular verb. For example:
This news is very important.
Your luggage looks heavy
We do not usually use the indefinite article a/an with uncountable nouns. We cannot say "an information" or "a music". But we can say a something of:
a piece of news
a bottle of water
a grain of rice
We can use some and any with uncountable nouns:
• I've got some money.
• Have you got any rice?
We can use a little and much with uncountable nouns:
• I've got a little money.
• I haven't got much rice.
Nouns that can be Countable and Uncountable
Sometimes, the same noun can be countable and uncountable, often with a change of meaning.
Countable Uncountable
There are two hairs in my coffee! hair I don't have much hair.
There are two lights in our bedroom. light Close the curtain. There's too much light!
Shhhhh! I thought I heard a noise. noise It's difficult to work when there is too much noise.
Have you got a paper to read? (= newspaper) paper I want to draw a picture. Have you got some paper?
Our house has seven rooms. room Is there room for me to sit here?
We had a great time at the party. time Have you got time for a coffee?
Macbeth is one of Shakespeare's greatest works. work I have no money. I need work!
Drinks (coffee, water, orange juice) are usually uncountable. But if we are thinking of a cup or a glass, we can say (in a restaurant, for example):
• Two teas and one coffee please.
Sign- typical sign of Uncountable Noun shall be as follows :
a) cannot be given by direct of or a of an in front/ahead of noun
b) cannot be made by plural (= plural form);
c) to show many have to be used by word of much ( may not use many );
d) in sentence use be to verb always is dipaki for the present of and tense of was for past tense. While in sentence using vb. have to wear by vb. + s in the form of time of simple present.
2.9. Definition/ Congeniality of Singular Noun and of Plural noun :
1) Singular Nouns is single noun. Difference of single noun ( nouns singular) and plural noun ( nouns plural) in Ianguage sentence of ingris need in paying attention, because having an effect on to usage of vb. ( good of be to verb, have to verb and also verb.)
~ Single noun in sentence have to wear single vb., while plural noun have to plural verb.
Example :
• This car is expensive. = Mobil ini mahal
(car bentuk Singular, memakai is)
• These cars are expensive = Mobil-mobil ini mahal
(car bentuk Plural, memakai are)
2) Plural Nouns is plural noun. In general plural noun formed by enhancing - or s - ice at single noun, with a few except.
Way of plural object morphology :
a) By enhancing - s at single noun :
Singular Plural Meaning
Bamboo bamboos bambu
Door doors pintu
Hand hands tangan
School schools sekolah
House houses rumah
Table tables meja
Student students siswa, mahasiswa
Dog dogs anjing
Cat cats kucing
Pencil pencils pensil
Bird birds burung
Cake cakes kuda
Roof roofs atap
Tree trees pohon
Teacher teachers guru
Flower flowers bunga
b) By enhancing - es, if that single noun end letter - s, - x, - z, and ch - sh:
Singular Plural Meaning
Ass asses keledai
Bus buses bus
Class classes kelas
Glass glasses gelas
Box boxes kotak
Buzz buzzes dengung (-an)
Quiz quizes ulangan
Bench benches bangku
c) By enhancing - es, if that single noun end letter - o;
Singular Plural Meaning
Hero heroes pahlawan
Negro negroes orang negro
Tomato tomatoes tomat
Potato potratoes kentang
Volcano volcanoes gunung api
Cargo cargos muatan, kargo
Veto vetoes veto, hak menolak
Calico calicoes belacu
Mosquito mosquitoes nyamuk
Bufallo bufalloes kerbau liar
Motto mottoes semboyan
Mango mangoes mangga
Echo echoes gema
Tornado tornadoes angin topan
Notes :
There are some noun which end - o, which is plural form of him the two in - or s – es :
Singular Plural Meaning
Calico calicos/es belacu, kain mori
mentah
Portico porticos/es serambi yang bertiang-
tiang
Mosquito mosquitos/es nyamuk
However only enhancing - just s, if that single noun end - oo, io, - oe, or - yo, and some noun end - o preceded by a consonant ( letter of matia) hereunder :
Singular Plural Meaning
Bamboo bamboos bambu
Cuckoo cuckoos sejenis elang malam
Folio folios folio
Portfolio portfolios tas surat-surat
Radio radios radio
Curio curios barang ajaib/suvenir
Cameo cameos batu berharga
Embryo embryos janin
Soprano sopranos suara sopran
Photo photos foto
Piano pianos piano
Dynamo dynamos dinamo
Grotto grottos gua
Halo halos lingkaran cahaya sekita
bulan
Canto cantos bagian suatu syair
Momento momentos tanda mata
Solo solos nyanyian Singular
Tyro tyros orang baru
Proviso provisos ketentuan
d) By altering y become last i in adding - es, if y preceded by a consonant :
Singular Plural Meaning
Baby babies bayi
Lady ladies wanita
City cities kota
Fly flies lalat
Lily lilies bunga bakung
Copy copies salinan, exsemplar
Country countries negara
Library libraries perpustakaan
Hobby hobbies hobi, kegemaran
Duty duties tugas, kewajiban
However only by adding - s, if y preceded by a vowel :
Singular Plural Meaning
Boy boys anak laki-laki
Key keys kunci
Day days hari
Dray drays gerobak tarik
Toy toys mainan anak-anak
Play plays permainan, sandiwara
Monkey monkeys kera
Donkey donkeys keledai
Notes :
Noun which end - plural forming quy of him by altering y become added last i - es, because quy (= kw) considered to be double consonant. Like, coloquy, colloquies, ( seminar, deliberation).
e) By altering - or f - ef become ves :
Singular Plural Meaning
Calf calves anak sapi
Knif knives pisau
Shelf shelves rak, papan
Leaf leaves daun
Life lives jiwa
Half halves separo
Wolf wolves srigala
Thief thieves pencuri
Loaf loaves roti (sepotong, selapis)
Sheaf sheaves berkas,ikat
Elf elves peri, jin
Except :
However a number of noun which end - this dibwah f, only by adding - s to form plural.
Singular Plural Meaning
Hoof hoofs kuku binatang
Chief chiefs kepala/ pemimpin
Cliff cliffs jurang; karang yang
terjal
Gulf gulfs teluk
Roof roofs atap
Proof proofs bukti
Dwarf dwarfs orang kerdil
Reef reefs batu karang
Scarf scarfs syal,selendang
Wharf wharfs demaga
Turf turfs tanah berumput
Grief griefs dukacita
File files arsip; kikir (alat)
Safe safes peti besi
Strife striefes percekcokan
f) By enhancing - s at in essence word, if that noun of noun compoun ( aliance noun) :
Singular Plural Meaning
Faher-in-law fathers-in-law ayah mertua
Mother-in-law mothers-in-law ibu mertua
Son-in-law sons-in-law menantu laki-laki
Daugther-inl-aw daugthers-in-law menantu perempuan
Brother-in-law brothers-in-law ipar laki-laki
Sister-in-law sisters-in-law ipar perempuan
Step-son step-sons anak tiri laki-laki
Step-daugther step-daugthers anak tiri perempuan
Hanger-on hangers-on pengikut
Looker-on lookers-on penonton
Passer-by passers-by orang yang lewat
Runner-up runners-up nomor dua
Court-matrial courts-matrial mahkamah tentara
Commander-in-chief Commanders-in panglima tertinggi
Chief
Lord-in-waiting lords-in-waiting pelayan setia ratu
Maid-in-waiting maids-in-waiting dayang
Maid-servant maid-servants bujangan perempuan
Irregular Plurals ( irregular plural form), a number of noun have irregular plural form him/it :
a) By performing a change of vowel ( vowel) what in it :
Singular Plural Meaning
Man men pria
Woman women perempuan
Foot feet kaki
Tooth teeth gigi
Goose geese angsa
Loose lice kutu
Mouse mice tikus
Dormouse dormice sejenis tikus
b) By giving - en or for plural form of him :
Singular Plural Meaning
Ox oxen lembu jantan
Child children anak
Brother brethren saudara (seiman)
Cow kine sapi
Notes :
Plural form can brother is brothers, and chow is cows.
c) Object aliance words ( nouns compound) which is first word and both is plural
Singular Plural Meaning
Man-servant man-servants bujangan laki-laki
Woman-servant woman-servants bujangan perempuan
Man-teacher man-teachers guru pria
Woman-teacher woman-teachers guru perempuan
However :
Lady teacher lady teachers guru wanita
Woman-hater woman-haters pria yang membenci
Wanita
Notes :
Plural form of expression like " Miss Brown " can wear by two different form. We may tell “the Miss Browns” atau “the Misses Brown”.
d) Object words having plural form which is equal to is singular of him :
Singular Plural Meaning
Swine swine babi
Deer deer rusa
Sheep sheep domba, biri-biri
Fish fish/fishes ikan
Heathen heathen penyembah berhala
Yoke yoke(of oxen) (se-) pasang (lembut)
Dozen dozen lusin
Score score kodi
Stone stone(weight) nama ukuran berat
Inggris
Pice pice mata uang India
Foreigh Plural is plural form which come from foreign Ianguage.
There are some plural form which borrowed absorbent or direct of foreign Ianguage object words.
1) Latin Ianguage.
Singular Plural Meaning
Alga algae ganggang
Antenna antennae sungut-sungut serangga
Apex apices puncak
Axis axes sumbu
Etc.
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
3.1 Inference
A. Definition of Nouns is The degree of synthesis refers to the morpheme-to-word ratio. Languages with more than one morpheme per word are synthetic. An object in grammar is a sentence element and part of the sentence predicate. It denotes somebody or something involved in the subject's "performance" of the verb. Expressions of natural language have properties at different levels. The simple definition is: a person, place or thing. Here are some examples:person: man, woman, teacher, John, Maryplace: home, office, town, countryside, America thing: table, car, banana, money, music, love, dog, monkey. Another (more complicated) way of recognizing a noun is by its: Ending, Position,Function
B. Noun have two form/ Sketchy NOUNS consist of 2 shares:
1. CONCRETE NOUNS (kata benda yang berwujud)
extant noun, can be seen and in groping. Example of : Andrew (nama orang), man (orang laki-laki); jakarta; gold (emas); table etc.
2. ABSTRACT NOUNS (kata benda yang tak berwujud)
Noun which do not be extant cannot be seen or groped, but can beconceived.
Example of : Wisdom (kebijaksanaan); happiness (kebahagiaan); wealth (kekayaan Publik); riches (kekayan individu); life (kehidupan); friendship (persahabatan); faith (kepercayaan) etc.
1.1 There is four type of Concrete Noun (kata benda yang berwujud)
a) Proper Noun (kata benda nama diri)
Noun of preceded by block letters that is name of people, town, state, go to school,company, and other place names.Example Of : Lisa, Johnny, Tokyo, America, Coca Cola or Proper nouns (also called proper names) are nouns representing unique entities (such as London, Jupiter or Johnny), as distinguished from common nouns which describe a class of entities (such as city, planet or person). Proper nouns are not normally preceded by an article or other limiting modifier (such as "any" or "some"), and are used to denote a particular person, place, or thing without regard to any descriptive meaning the word or phrase may have. etc.
b) Common Noun (Kata Benda Umum)
common/public Noun is ordinary Noun. Example of : Teacher; book; plane; bridegroom;mountain, etc.
c) Material of Noun (Kata benda yang terdiri atas Bahan Mentah/ Bahan Baku)
Noun which is from other raw materials and mining. Example of :gold; paint; silver; oil; etc.
d) Collective Noun (kata benda kolektif)
Noun which is Meaninging have of Plural. Example of : Flock; division or Collective nouns are nouns that refer to groups consisting of more than one individual or entity, even when they are inflected for the singular. Examples include "committee", "herd", and "school" (of fish). These nouns have slightly different grammatical properties than other nouns. For example, the noun phrases that they head can serve as the subject of a collective predicate, even when they are inflected for the singular. A collective predicate is a predicate that cannot normally take a singular subject. An example of the latter is "talked to each other".
C. Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For example: "pen". We can count pens. We can have one, two, three or more pens. Here are some more countable nouns:
D. Typical marking of Countable Noun shall be as follows :
a) can be turned into plural ( plural form)
b) can be used by word of many, and several of some ( beberapa) [in front/ahead of plural form noun..
c) If singular, have to use single vb. ( be to verb: or is of was for the noun of/ word change third person singular. While vb. have to be added - s for the Simple of Present Tense = simple present time form.
d) If plural, have to wear plural vb. ( be to verb : acre for the Present of Tense = present time or of were for the Past Tense Of = past time. While verb. do not be added - s although in the form of time of Simple Present.
E. Uncountable Nouns is incalculable noun. If counting/calculating him/ it needed by measuring, weighing-machine, gauge, size measure etcetera/ Uncountable nouns are substances, concepts etc that we cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot "count" them. For example, we cannot count "milk". We can count "bottles of milk" or "litres of milk", but we cannot count "milk" itself. Here are some more uncountable nouns:
F. Foreigh Plural is plural form which come from foreign Ianguage.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Loos, Eugene E., et al. 2003. Glossary of linguistic terms: What is a noun?
2. Davidson, Donald. 1967. The logical form of action sentences. In Nicholas Rescher, ed., The Logic of Decision and Action, Pittsburgh, Pa: University of Pittsburgh Press.
3. Parsons, Terence. 1990. Events in the semantics of English: a study in subatomic semantics. Cambridge, Mass.:MIT Press
4. Croft, William. 1993. "A noun is a noun is a noun - or is it? Some reflections on the universality of semantics". Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, ed. Joshua S. Guenter, Barbara A. Kaiser and Cheryl C. Zoll, 369-80. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society.
5. Geach, Peter. 1962. Reference and Generality. Cornell University Press.
6. Gupta, Anil. 1980, The logic of common nouns. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
7. S. Hartanto Jhon, Drs, Koentjoro S Drs, Asmoro Saputro Manaf Drs ; Accurrate, Brief and Clear English Grammar ;
8. Lester, Mark; Larry Beason (2005). The McGraw-Hill Handbook of English Grammar and Usage. McGraw-Hill. p. 4. ISBN 0-07-144133-6.
9. "The Proper Noun". EnglishForums.com. http://www.englishforums.com. Retrieved 2007-03-23.
10. Krifka, Manfred. 1989. "Nominal Reference, Temporal Constitution and Quantification in Event Semantics". In R. Bartsch, J. van Benthem, P. von Emde Boas (eds.), Semantics and Contextual Expression, Dordrecht: Foris Publication.
11. Borer, Hagit. 2005. In Name Only. Structuring Sense, Volume I. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
12. Baker, Mark C. (1996). The Polysynthesis Parameter. New York [etc.]: Oxford University Press.
13. Baker, Mark C. (1988) Incorporation: a theory of grammatical function changing. Chicago:. University of Chicago Press.
14. Evans, Nicholas & Hans-Jürgen Sasse (eds.). (2002). Problems of Polysynthesis. Berlin : Akademie Verlag.
15. Kroeber, Alfred L. (1909). Noun incorporation in American languages. In F. Heger (Ed.), XVI Internationaler Amerikanisten-Kongress (pp. 569-576). Vienna: Hartleben.
16. Kroeber, Alfred L. (1911). Incorporation as a linguistic process. American Anthropologist, 13 (4), 577-584.
17. Massam, Diane. (2001). Pseudo noun incorporation in Niuean. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 19 (1), 153-197.
18. Mithun, Marianne. (1984). The evolution of noun incorporation. Language, 60 (4), 847-895.
19. Mithun, Marianne. (1986). On the nature of noun incorporation. Language, 62 (1), 32-38.
20. Rosen, Sara T. (1989). Two types of noun incorporation: A lexical analysis. Language, 65 (2), 294-317.
21. Sadock, Jerrold M. (1). Noun incorporation in Greenlandic: A case of syntactic word-formation. Language, 57 (2), 300-319.
22. Sadock,Jerrold M.(1986).Some notes on noun incorporation. Language,62 (1),19-31.
23. Sapir, Edward. (1911). The problem of noun incorporation in American languages. American Anthropologist, 13 (2), 250-282.
24. Van Valin, Robert D.; & LaPolla, Randy. (1997). Syntax: Structure, meaning and function. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background.
Definition of Nouns is The degree of synthesis refers to the morpheme-to-word ratio. Languages with more than one morpheme per word ar
e synthetic. An object in grammar is a sentence element and part of the sentence predicate. It denotes somebody or something involved in the subject's "performance" of the verb. Expressions of natural language have properties at different levels. The simple definition is: a person, place or thing. Here are some examples:person: man, woman, teacher, John, Maryplace: home, office, town, countryside, America thing: table, car, banana, money, music, love, dog, monkey. They have formal properties, like what kinds of morphological prefixes or suffixes they take and what kinds of other expressions they combine with; but they also have semantic properties, i.e. properties pertaining to their Meaning.
The definition of a noun at the outset of this page is thus a formal, traditional grammatical definition. That definition, for the most part, is considered uncontroversial and furnishes the Meanings for users of certain languages to effectively distinguish most nouns from non-nouns. However, it has the disadvantage that it does not apply to nouns in all languages. For example in Russian, there are no definite Meaningcles, so one cannot define nouns as words that are modified by definite Meaningcles. There have also been several attempts to define nouns in terms of their semantic properties. Many of these are controversial, but some are discussed below.
What are Nouns ?
The simple definition is: a person, place or thing. Here are some examples:person: man, woman, teacher, John, Mary place: home, office, town, countryside, America thing: table, car, banana, money, music, love, dog, monkey. The problem with this definition is that it does not explain why "love" is a noun but can also be a verb.
Concrete nouns refer to physical bodies that can be observed by at least one of the senses (for instance, "chair", "apple", or "Janet"). Abstract nouns, on the other hand, refer to abstract objects, that is ideas or concepts (such as "justice" or "hatred"). While this distinction is sometimes useful, the boundary between concrete and abstract is not always clear; consider, for example, the noun "art", which usually refers to a concept (e.g., "Art is an important element of human culture") but which can refer to a specific artwork in certain contexts (e.g., "I put my daughter's art up on the fridge"). In English, many abstract nouns are formed by adding noun-forming suffixes ("-ness", "-ity", "-tion") to adjectives or verbs. Examples are "happiness" (from the adjective "happy"), "circulation" (from the verb "circulate") and "serenity" (from the adjective "serene")
Another (more complicated) way of recognizing a noun is by its: Ending, Position,Function.
There are certain word endings that show that a word is a noun, for example:-ity > nationality,-ment > appointment, -ness > happiness, -ation > relation, -hood > childhood. But this is not true for the word endings of all nouns. For example, the noun "spoonful" ends in -ful, but the adjective "careful" also ends in -ful.
We can often recognise a noun by its position in the sentence. Nouns often come after a determiner (a determiner is a word like a, an, the, this, my, such): a relief, an afternoon, the doctor, this word, my house, such stupidity. Nouns often come after one or more adjectives: a great relief, a peaceful afternoon, the tall, Indian doctor, this difficult word, my brown and white house, such crass stupidity.
Nouns have certain functions (jobs) in a sentence, for example: subject of verb: Doctors work hard, object of verb: He likes coffee, subject and object of verb: Teachers teach students. But the subject or object of a sentence is not always a noun. It could be a pronoun or a phrase. In the sentence "My doctor works hard", the noun is "doctor" but the subject is "My doctor".
Noun phrases can typically be replaced by pronouns, such as "he", "it", "which", and "those", in order to avoid repetition or explicit identification, or for other reasons. For example, in the sentence "Janet thought that he was weird", the word "he" is a pronoun standing in place of the name of the person in question. The English word one can replace parts of noun phrases, and it sometimes stands in for a noun. An example is given below: John's car is newer than the one that Bill has. But one can also stand in for bigger subparts of a noun phrase. For example, in the following example, one can stand in for new car. This new car is cheaper than that one.
Starting with old Latin grammars, many European languages use some form of the word substantive as the basic term for noun. Nouns in the dictionaries of such languages are demarked by the abbreviation "s" instead of "n", which may be used for proper nouns instead. This corresponds to those grammars in which nouns and adjectives phase into each other in more areas than, for example, the English term predicate adjective entails. In French and Spanish, for example, adjectives frequently act as nouns referring to people who have the characteristics of the adjective. An example in English is: The poor you have always with you.Similarly, an adjective can also be used for a whole group or organization of people: The Socialist International. Hence, these words are substantives that are usually adjectives in English.
Names for things
In traditional school grammars, one often encounters the definition of nouns that they are all and only those expressions that refer to a person, place, thing, event, substance, quality, or idea, etc. This is a semantic definition. It has been criticized by contemporary linguists as being uninformative.[citation needed] Contemporary linguists generally agree that one cannot successfully define nouns (or other grammatical categories) in terms of what sort of object in the world they refer to or signify. Part of the conundrum is that the definition makes use of relatively general nouns ("thing", "phenomenon", "event") to define what nouns are.
The existence of such general nouns demonstrates that nouns refer to entities that are organized in taxonomic hierarchies. But other kinds of expressions are also organized into such structured taxonomic relationships. For example the verbs "stroll","saunter", "stride", and "tread" are more specific words than the more general "walk". Moreover, "walk" is more specific than the verb "move", which, in turn, is less general than "change". But it is unlikely that such taxonomic relationships can be used to define nouns and verbs. We cannot define verbs as those words that refer to "changes" or "states", for example, because the nouns change and state probably refer to such things, but, of course, aren't verbs. Similarly, nouns like "invasion", "meeting", or "collapse" refer to things that are "done" or "happen". In fact, an influential theory has it that verbs like "kill" or "die" refer to events,[2][3] one of the categories of things that nouns are supposed to refer to.
The point being made here is not that this view of verbs is wrong, but rather that this property of verbs is a poor basis for a definition of this category, just like the property of having wheels is a poor basis for a definition of cars (some things that have wheels, such as my suitcase or a jumbo jet, aren't cars). Similarly, adjectives like "yellow" or "difficult" might be thought to refer to qualities, and adverbs like "outside" or "upstairs" seem to refer to places, which are also among the sorts of things nouns can refer to. But verbs, adjectives and adverbs are not nouns, and nouns aren't verbs, adjectives or adverbs. One might argue that "definitions" of this sort really rely on speakers' prior intuitive knowledge of what nouns, verbs and adjectives are, and, so don't really add anything over and this. Speakers' intuitive knowledge of such things might plausibly be based on formal criteria, such as the traditional grammatical definition of English nouns aforementioned.
Prototypically referential expressions
Another semantic definition of nouns is that they are prototypically referential.The British logician Peter Thomas Geach proposed a more subtle semantic definition of nouns.He noticed that adjectives like "same" can modify nouns, but no other kinds of parts of speech, like verbs or adjectives. Not only that, but there also do not seem to be any other expressions with similar Meaninging that can modify verbs and adjectives. Consider the following examples.
grammatical: John and Bill pMeaningcipated in the same fight.
ungrammatical: *John and Bill samely fought.
There is no English adverb "samely". In some other languages, like Czech, however there are adverbs corresponding to "samely". Hence, in Czech, the translation of the last sentence would be fine; however, it would Meaning that John and Bill fought in the same way: not that they pMeaningcipated in the same fight. Geach proposed that we could explain this, if nouns denote logical predicates with identity criteria. An identity criterion would allow us to conclude, for example, that "person x at time 1 is the same person as person y at time 2". Different nouns can have different identity criteria. A well known example of this is due to Gupta:
National Airlines transported 2 million passengers in 1979.
National Airlines transported (at least) 2 million persons in 1979.
Given that, in general, all passengers are persons, the last sentence above ought to follow logically from the first one. But it doesn't. It is easy to imagine, for example, that on average, every person who travelled with National Airlines in 1979, travelled with them twice. In that case, one would say that the airline transported 2 million passengers but only 1 million persons. Thus, the way that we count passengers isn't necessarily the same as the way that we count persons. Put somewhat differently: At two different times, you may correspond to two distinct passengers, even though you are one and the same person. For a precise definition of identity criteria, see Gupta.
Recently, Baker has proposed that Geach's definition of nouns in terms of identity criteria allows us to explain the characteristic properties of nouns. He argues that nouns can co-occur with (in-)definite Meaningcles and numerals, and are "prototypically referential" because they are all and only those parts of speech that provide identity criteria. Baker's proposals are quite new, and linguists are still evaluating them.
1.2 Formula of the problem
Pursuant to problems background above, hence in this research is formulated by problems :
a) How to know about nouns ?
b) How the way to explain for studant about the use of nouns ?
c) How to know the function of nouns ?
d) How to know the adjective become nouns ?
e) What the meaning of Concrete Nouns ?
f) What the meaning of Abstract Nouns ?
g) How many type of Concrete Nouns ?
h) What the meaning of Countable Nouns ?
i) How many type of countable nouns ?
j) What the meaning of Uncountable Noun ?
k) What the meaning of Singular nouns ?
l) What the meaninfg of Plural Nouns ?
m) What the meaning of Irregular Plural ?
1.3 Target of Writing
a) To know about nouns.
b) To know the way to explain the use of nouns for students.
c) To know the function of nouns
d) For the source material of guidance and science to deepen knowledge about nouns.
CHAPTER II
SOLUTION
2.1 Nouns have two form/ Sketchy NOUNS consist of 2 shares:
CONCRETE NOUN (kata benda yang berwujud)
extant noun, can be seen and in groping. Example of : Andrew (nama orang), man (orang laki-laki); jakarta; gold (emas); table etc.
ABSTRACT NOUN (kata benda yang tak berwujud)
Noun which do not be extant cannot be seen or groped, but can beconceived. Example of : Wisdom (kebijaksanaan); happiness (kebahagiaan); wealth (kekayaan Publik); riches (kekayan individu); life (kehidupan); friendship (persahabatan); faith (kepercayaan) etc.
2.2 There is four type of Concrete Noun (kata benda yang berwujud) :
a) Proper Noun (kata benda nama diri)
Noun of preceded by block letters that is name of people, town, state, go to school,company, and other place names.Example Of : Lisa, Johnny, Tokyo, America, Coca Cola or Proper nouns (also called proper names) are nouns representing unique entities (such as London, Jupiter or Johnny), as distinguished from common nouns which describe a class of entities (such as city, planet or person). Proper nouns are not normally preceded by an article or other limiting modifier (such as "any" or "some"), and are used to denote a particular person, place, or thing without regard to any descriptive meaning the word or phrase may have. etc.
b) Common Noun (Kata Benda Umum)
common/public Noun is ordinary Noun. Example of : Teacher; book; plane; bridegroom;mountain, etc.
c) Material of Noun (Kata benda yang terdiri atas Bahan Mentah/ Bahan Baku)
Noun which is from other raw materials and mining. Example of :gold; paint; silver; oil; etc.
d) Collective Noun (kata benda kolektif)
Noun which is Meaninging have of Plural. Example of : Flock; division or Collective nouns are nouns that refer to groups consisting of more than one individual or entity, even when they are inflected for the singular. Examples include "committee", "herd", and "school" (of fish). These nouns have slightly different grammatical properties than other nouns. For example, the noun phrases that they head can serve as the subject of a collective predicate, even when they are inflected for the singular. A collective predicate is a predicate that cannot normally take a singular subject. An example of the latter is "talked to each other".
2.3 Abstract Noun (Kata benda yang tak berwujud)
abstract noun can be formed of by job/activity words, words of is nature of and other words.
1) Way of altering verb become Abstract Noun :
a) By giving suffix of ment at verb :
Advertise = mengiklankan Advertisement = iklan
Agree = menyetujui agreetment = persetujuan
Argue = berdebat argument = perdebatan
Arrange = menyusun arrangemant = penyusunan
Develop = berkembang development = perkembangan
Entertain = menghibur entertainment = hiburan
Measure = mengukur measurement = ukuran
b) By giving suffix - ion, - tion at verb :
connect = menghubungkan connection = hubungan
adopt = mengangkat anak adoption = pengangkatan
anak
associate = mengumpulkan association = perkumpulan
collect = mengumpulkan collection = kumpulan
act = berbuat action = perbuatan
confuse = membingungkan confusion = kebingungan
c) By adding suffix of action, cation, ition at verb :
admire = mengagumi admiration = kekaguman
compete = bersaing competition = persaingan
compose = mengarang composition = karangan
resign = berhenti pekerjaan resignation = permintaan
berhenti
repeat = mengulangi repeatition = pengulangan
expect = mengharap expecttaion = pengharapan
qualify = memenuhi syarat qualification = pemenuhan
syarat
apply = melamar application = lamaran
classify = menggolongkan classification = penggolongan
d) By adding suffix - ance, - ence at verb :
hider = menghalagi hindrance = halangan
enter = memasuki entrance = jalan masuk
admint = mengakui adminttance = pengakuan
appear = menampakkan diri appearance = penampakan
diri
attend = menghadiri attendance = kehadiran
confide = mempercayakan confidence = kepercayaan
assist = membantu assistance = bantuan,
pertolongan
differ = membedakan difference = perbedaan
obey = mematui obedience = kepatuhan
e) By enhancing -t :
Complain = mengeluh complaint = keluhan
Fly = terbang flight = penerbangan
Contain = berisi content = isi
Descend = turun descent = keturunan
Deceive = menipu deceit = penipuan
f) By enhancing –y :
Discover = menemukan dicovery = penemuan
Deliver = menyerahkan delivery = penyerahan
Injure = melukai injury = luka
Recover = sembuh recovery = kesembuhan
2) is same Abstract Noun its for with verb :
Verb (kata Kerja) Abstract Noun
To hope = mengharapkan hope = pengharapan
To help = menolong help = pertolongan
To mind = memikirkan mind = pikiran
To love = mencintai love = percintaan
3) Way of adding adjective become Abstract Noun :
Abstract Noun coming from Adjective ( adjective) by enhancing suffix - ness at Adjective ;
Adjective Abstract Noun
Good = baik goodness = kebaikan
Happy = bahagia happiness = kebahagiaan
Polite = sopan politeness = kesopanan
Sad = sedih sadness = kesedihan
4) Abstract Noun coming from Common Noun (kata benda umum) :
Common noun Abstract Noun
Agent = agen agency = keagenan
Champion = juara championship = kejuaraan
Child = anak childhood = masa kanak-
kanak
Hero = pahlawan heroism = kepahlawanan
Friend = sahabat frienship = persahabatan
5) Abstract Noun coming from Adjective (kata sifat) other :
Adjective Abstract Noun
Patient = sabar patience = kesabaran
Young = muda youth = masa muda
Important = penting importance = pentingnya
Deep = dalam depth = dalamnya
Hot = panas heat = panasnya
Poor = miskin poverty = kemiskinan
Wise = bijaksana wisdom = kebijaksanaan
Long = panjang length = panjangnya
True = benar truth = kebenaran
2.4 Other ways forming of nouns :
1) All verb ( verb.) added with suffix - ing rear the verb will become noun ( noun verbal or gerund).
Verb (kata kerja) Noun (kata benda)
To write = menulis writing = tulisan
To broadcast = menyiarkan broadcasting = siaran
To read = membaca reading = bacaan
To speak = bercakap speaking = percakapan
2) Noun can be formed of by this noun possible also end - or ancy of ency.
Noun (kata benda) Noun (kata benda)
Agent = agen agency = perwakilan
Infant = bayi infancy = masa kecil
Bankrupt = bangkrut bankruptcy = kebangkrutan,
kepailitan
Lieutenant = letnan lieutenancy = pangkat letnan
3) Noun also can be formed of by noun by enhancing - or an - ian:
Noun Noun
Indonesia = Indonesia Indonesia = orang/ bahasa
indonesia
Library = perpustakaan librarian = pustakawan
Magic = sihir magician = tukang sihir
Music = musik musician = pemain musik,
Musikus
2.5 Countable nouns.
Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For example: "pen". We can count pens. We can have one, two, three or more pens. Here are some more countable nouns:
• dog, cat, animal, man, person
• bottle, box, litre
• coin, note, dollar
• cup, plate, fork
• table, chair, suitcase, bag
2.6. Countable Noun earn in to becoming two form :
a) Singular :When a countable noun is singular, we must use a word like a/the/my/this with it:
Exemples :
• I want an orange. (not I want orange.)
• Where is my bottle? (not Where is bottle?)
One month = sebulan a ring = sebuah cincin
A river = sebuah sungai a table = sebuah meja
A chair = sebuah kursi a well = sebuah sumur
A letter = sepucuk surat a book = sebuah buku
A pen = sebatang pena an apple = sebuah apel
A girl = seorang gadis ect.
b) Plural : When a countable noun is plural, we can use it alone:
Examples :
• I like oranges.
• Bottles can break.
One and a = satu setengah two ring = dua buah half month bulan cincin
three river = tiga buah four well = empat buah
sungai sumur
five chair = lima buah kursi eight book = delapan buah
buku
seven letter = tujuh pucuk surat six table = enam meja
nine pen = sembilan batang ten apple = sepuluh apel
pena
many girl = banyak gadis etc.
2.7 Typical marking of Countable Noun shall be as follows :
a) can be turned into plural ( plural form)
b) can be used by word of many, and several of some ( beberapa) in front/ahead of plural form noun..
c) If singular, have to use single verb. ( be to verb: or is of was for the noun of/ word change third person singular. While vb. have to be added - s for the Simple of Present Tense = simple present time form.
d) If plural, have to wear plural verbb. ( be to verb : acre for the Present of Tense = present time or of were for the Past Tense Of = past time. While vb. do not be added - s although in the form of time of Simple Present.
2.8 Uncountable Nouns
Uncountable Nouns is incalculable noun. If counting/calculating him/ it needed by measuring, weighing-machine, gauge, size measure etcetera/ Uncountable nouns are substances, concepts etc that we cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot "count" them. For example, we cannot count "milk". We can count "bottles of milk" or "litres of milk", but we cannot count "milk" itself. Here are some more uncountable nouns:
Examples :
• music, art, love, happiness
• advice, information, news
• furniture, luggage
• rice, sugar, butter, water
• electricity, gas, power
Butter = mentega air = udara
Coffee = kopi gasoline = bensin
Tea = teh oil = minyak
Flour = tepung petrolium = minyak tanah
Food = makanan paper = kertas
Meat = daging money = uang
Chalk = kapur tulis bread = roti
Milk = susu pepper = merica
Rice = beras cheese = keju
Salt = garam wood = kayu
Sugar = gula gold = emas
Ink = tinta tin = timah
Water = air iron = besi
Sentence example :
A cup of coffee = secangkir kopi
A piece of chalk = sebatang kapur tulis
A bottle of water = sebotol air
A loaf of bread = sepotong roti
Two cups of coffee = dua cangkir kopi
Three pieces of chalk = tiga batang kapur tulis
Four bottles of water = empat botol air
Five loaves of bread = lima potong roti
We usually treat uncountable nouns as singular. We use a singular verb. For example:
This news is very important.
Your luggage looks heavy
We do not usually use the indefinite article a/an with uncountable nouns. We cannot say "an information" or "a music". But we can say a something of:
a piece of news
a bottle of water
a grain of rice
We can use some and any with uncountable nouns:
• I've got some money.
• Have you got any rice?
We can use a little and much with uncountable nouns:
• I've got a little money.
• I haven't got much rice.
Nouns that can be Countable and Uncountable
Sometimes, the same noun can be countable and uncountable, often with a change of meaning.
Countable Uncountable
There are two hairs in my coffee! hair I don't have much hair.
There are two lights in our bedroom. light Close the curtain. There's too much light!
Shhhhh! I thought I heard a noise. noise It's difficult to work when there is too much noise.
Have you got a paper to read? (= newspaper) paper I want to draw a picture. Have you got some paper?
Our house has seven rooms. room Is there room for me to sit here?
We had a great time at the party. time Have you got time for a coffee?
Macbeth is one of Shakespeare's greatest works. work I have no money. I need work!
Drinks (coffee, water, orange juice) are usually uncountable. But if we are thinking of a cup or a glass, we can say (in a restaurant, for example):
• Two teas and one coffee please.
Sign- typical sign of Uncountable Noun shall be as follows :
a) cannot be given by direct of or a of an in front/ahead of noun
b) cannot be made by plural (= plural form);
c) to show many have to be used by word of much ( may not use many );
d) in sentence use be to verb always is dipaki for the present of and tense of was for past tense. While in sentence using vb. have to wear by vb. + s in the form of time of simple present.
2.9. Definition/ Congeniality of Singular Noun and of Plural noun :
1) Singular Nouns is single noun. Difference of single noun ( nouns singular) and plural noun ( nouns plural) in Ianguage sentence of ingris need in paying attention, because having an effect on to usage of vb. ( good of be to verb, have to verb and also verb.)
~ Single noun in sentence have to wear single vb., while plural noun have to plural verb.
Example :
• This car is expensive. = Mobil ini mahal
(car bentuk Singular, memakai is)
• These cars are expensive = Mobil-mobil ini mahal
(car bentuk Plural, memakai are)
2) Plural Nouns is plural noun. In general plural noun formed by enhancing - or s - ice at single noun, with a few except.
Way of plural object morphology :
a) By enhancing - s at single noun :
Singular Plural Meaning
Bamboo bamboos bambu
Door doors pintu
Hand hands tangan
School schools sekolah
House houses rumah
Table tables meja
Student students siswa, mahasiswa
Dog dogs anjing
Cat cats kucing
Pencil pencils pensil
Bird birds burung
Cake cakes kuda
Roof roofs atap
Tree trees pohon
Teacher teachers guru
Flower flowers bunga
b) By enhancing - es, if that single noun end letter - s, - x, - z, and ch - sh:
Singular Plural Meaning
Ass asses keledai
Bus buses bus
Class classes kelas
Glass glasses gelas
Box boxes kotak
Buzz buzzes dengung (-an)
Quiz quizes ulangan
Bench benches bangku
c) By enhancing - es, if that single noun end letter - o;
Singular Plural Meaning
Hero heroes pahlawan
Negro negroes orang negro
Tomato tomatoes tomat
Potato potratoes kentang
Volcano volcanoes gunung api
Cargo cargos muatan, kargo
Veto vetoes veto, hak menolak
Calico calicoes belacu
Mosquito mosquitoes nyamuk
Bufallo bufalloes kerbau liar
Motto mottoes semboyan
Mango mangoes mangga
Echo echoes gema
Tornado tornadoes angin topan
Notes :
There are some noun which end - o, which is plural form of him the two in - or s – es :
Singular Plural Meaning
Calico calicos/es belacu, kain mori
mentah
Portico porticos/es serambi yang bertiang-
tiang
Mosquito mosquitos/es nyamuk
However only enhancing - just s, if that single noun end - oo, io, - oe, or - yo, and some noun end - o preceded by a consonant ( letter of matia) hereunder :
Singular Plural Meaning
Bamboo bamboos bambu
Cuckoo cuckoos sejenis elang malam
Folio folios folio
Portfolio portfolios tas surat-surat
Radio radios radio
Curio curios barang ajaib/suvenir
Cameo cameos batu berharga
Embryo embryos janin
Soprano sopranos suara sopran
Photo photos foto
Piano pianos piano
Dynamo dynamos dinamo
Grotto grottos gua
Halo halos lingkaran cahaya sekita
bulan
Canto cantos bagian suatu syair
Momento momentos tanda mata
Solo solos nyanyian Singular
Tyro tyros orang baru
Proviso provisos ketentuan
d) By altering y become last i in adding - es, if y preceded by a consonant :
Singular Plural Meaning
Baby babies bayi
Lady ladies wanita
City cities kota
Fly flies lalat
Lily lilies bunga bakung
Copy copies salinan, exsemplar
Country countries negara
Library libraries perpustakaan
Hobby hobbies hobi, kegemaran
Duty duties tugas, kewajiban
However only by adding - s, if y preceded by a vowel :
Singular Plural Meaning
Boy boys anak laki-laki
Key keys kunci
Day days hari
Dray drays gerobak tarik
Toy toys mainan anak-anak
Play plays permainan, sandiwara
Monkey monkeys kera
Donkey donkeys keledai
Notes :
Noun which end - plural forming quy of him by altering y become added last i - es, because quy (= kw) considered to be double consonant. Like, coloquy, colloquies, ( seminar, deliberation).
e) By altering - or f - ef become ves :
Singular Plural Meaning
Calf calves anak sapi
Knif knives pisau
Shelf shelves rak, papan
Leaf leaves daun
Life lives jiwa
Half halves separo
Wolf wolves srigala
Thief thieves pencuri
Loaf loaves roti (sepotong, selapis)
Sheaf sheaves berkas,ikat
Elf elves peri, jin
Except :
However a number of noun which end - this dibwah f, only by adding - s to form plural.
Singular Plural Meaning
Hoof hoofs kuku binatang
Chief chiefs kepala/ pemimpin
Cliff cliffs jurang; karang yang
terjal
Gulf gulfs teluk
Roof roofs atap
Proof proofs bukti
Dwarf dwarfs orang kerdil
Reef reefs batu karang
Scarf scarfs syal,selendang
Wharf wharfs demaga
Turf turfs tanah berumput
Grief griefs dukacita
File files arsip; kikir (alat)
Safe safes peti besi
Strife striefes percekcokan
f) By enhancing - s at in essence word, if that noun of noun compoun ( aliance noun) :
Singular Plural Meaning
Faher-in-law fathers-in-law ayah mertua
Mother-in-law mothers-in-law ibu mertua
Son-in-law sons-in-law menantu laki-laki
Daugther-inl-aw daugthers-in-law menantu perempuan
Brother-in-law brothers-in-law ipar laki-laki
Sister-in-law sisters-in-law ipar perempuan
Step-son step-sons anak tiri laki-laki
Step-daugther step-daugthers anak tiri perempuan
Hanger-on hangers-on pengikut
Looker-on lookers-on penonton
Passer-by passers-by orang yang lewat
Runner-up runners-up nomor dua
Court-matrial courts-matrial mahkamah tentara
Commander-in-chief Commanders-in panglima tertinggi
Chief
Lord-in-waiting lords-in-waiting pelayan setia ratu
Maid-in-waiting maids-in-waiting dayang
Maid-servant maid-servants bujangan perempuan
Irregular Plurals ( irregular plural form), a number of noun have irregular plural form him/it :
a) By performing a change of vowel ( vowel) what in it :
Singular Plural Meaning
Man men pria
Woman women perempuan
Foot feet kaki
Tooth teeth gigi
Goose geese angsa
Loose lice kutu
Mouse mice tikus
Dormouse dormice sejenis tikus
b) By giving - en or for plural form of him :
Singular Plural Meaning
Ox oxen lembu jantan
Child children anak
Brother brethren saudara (seiman)
Cow kine sapi
Notes :
Plural form can brother is brothers, and chow is cows.
c) Object aliance words ( nouns compound) which is first word and both is plural
Singular Plural Meaning
Man-servant man-servants bujangan laki-laki
Woman-servant woman-servants bujangan perempuan
Man-teacher man-teachers guru pria
Woman-teacher woman-teachers guru perempuan
However :
Lady teacher lady teachers guru wanita
Woman-hater woman-haters pria yang membenci
Wanita
Notes :
Plural form of expression like " Miss Brown " can wear by two different form. We may tell “the Miss Browns” atau “the Misses Brown”.
d) Object words having plural form which is equal to is singular of him :
Singular Plural Meaning
Swine swine babi
Deer deer rusa
Sheep sheep domba, biri-biri
Fish fish/fishes ikan
Heathen heathen penyembah berhala
Yoke yoke(of oxen) (se-) pasang (lembut)
Dozen dozen lusin
Score score kodi
Stone stone(weight) nama ukuran berat
Inggris
Pice pice mata uang India
Foreigh Plural is plural form which come from foreign Ianguage.
There are some plural form which borrowed absorbent or direct of foreign Ianguage object words.
1) Latin Ianguage.
Singular Plural Meaning
Alga algae ganggang
Antenna antennae sungut-sungut serangga
Apex apices puncak
Axis axes sumbu
Etc.
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
3.1 Inference
A. Definition of Nouns is The degree of synthesis refers to the morpheme-to-word ratio. Languages with more than one morpheme per word are synthetic. An object in grammar is a sentence element and part of the sentence predicate. It denotes somebody or something involved in the subject's "performance" of the verb. Expressions of natural language have properties at different levels. The simple definition is: a person, place or thing. Here are some examples:person: man, woman, teacher, John, Maryplace: home, office, town, countryside, America thing: table, car, banana, money, music, love, dog, monkey. Another (more complicated) way of recognizing a noun is by its: Ending, Position,Function
B. Noun have two form/ Sketchy NOUNS consist of 2 shares:
1. CONCRETE NOUNS (kata benda yang berwujud)
extant noun, can be seen and in groping. Example of : Andrew (nama orang), man (orang laki-laki); jakarta; gold (emas); table etc.
2. ABSTRACT NOUNS (kata benda yang tak berwujud)
Noun which do not be extant cannot be seen or groped, but can beconceived.
Example of : Wisdom (kebijaksanaan); happiness (kebahagiaan); wealth (kekayaan Publik); riches (kekayan individu); life (kehidupan); friendship (persahabatan); faith (kepercayaan) etc.
1.1 There is four type of Concrete Noun (kata benda yang berwujud)
a) Proper Noun (kata benda nama diri)
Noun of preceded by block letters that is name of people, town, state, go to school,company, and other place names.Example Of : Lisa, Johnny, Tokyo, America, Coca Cola or Proper nouns (also called proper names) are nouns representing unique entities (such as London, Jupiter or Johnny), as distinguished from common nouns which describe a class of entities (such as city, planet or person). Proper nouns are not normally preceded by an article or other limiting modifier (such as "any" or "some"), and are used to denote a particular person, place, or thing without regard to any descriptive meaning the word or phrase may have. etc.
b) Common Noun (Kata Benda Umum)
common/public Noun is ordinary Noun. Example of : Teacher; book; plane; bridegroom;mountain, etc.
c) Material of Noun (Kata benda yang terdiri atas Bahan Mentah/ Bahan Baku)
Noun which is from other raw materials and mining. Example of :gold; paint; silver; oil; etc.
d) Collective Noun (kata benda kolektif)
Noun which is Meaninging have of Plural. Example of : Flock; division or Collective nouns are nouns that refer to groups consisting of more than one individual or entity, even when they are inflected for the singular. Examples include "committee", "herd", and "school" (of fish). These nouns have slightly different grammatical properties than other nouns. For example, the noun phrases that they head can serve as the subject of a collective predicate, even when they are inflected for the singular. A collective predicate is a predicate that cannot normally take a singular subject. An example of the latter is "talked to each other".
C. Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For example: "pen". We can count pens. We can have one, two, three or more pens. Here are some more countable nouns:
D. Typical marking of Countable Noun shall be as follows :
a) can be turned into plural ( plural form)
b) can be used by word of many, and several of some ( beberapa) [in front/ahead of plural form noun..
c) If singular, have to use single vb. ( be to verb: or is of was for the noun of/ word change third person singular. While vb. have to be added - s for the Simple of Present Tense = simple present time form.
d) If plural, have to wear plural vb. ( be to verb : acre for the Present of Tense = present time or of were for the Past Tense Of = past time. While verb. do not be added - s although in the form of time of Simple Present.
E. Uncountable Nouns is incalculable noun. If counting/calculating him/ it needed by measuring, weighing-machine, gauge, size measure etcetera/ Uncountable nouns are substances, concepts etc that we cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot "count" them. For example, we cannot count "milk". We can count "bottles of milk" or "litres of milk", but we cannot count "milk" itself. Here are some more uncountable nouns:
F. Foreigh Plural is plural form which come from foreign Ianguage.
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